HISTORY OF CHARTREUSE ELIXIRS

The Order of Chartreuse was more than 500 years old when, in 1605, at a Chartreuse monastery in Vauvert, a small suburb of Paris, the monks there received a gift from the marshal of artillery for King Henri IV. Francois Hannibal d' Estrees gave them an already ancient manuscript titled "An Elixir of Long Life".  In the opening years of the 17th century, only a few monks and even fewer apothecaries understood the use of herbs and plants in the treatment of illness.  The manuscript's recipe was so complex that only bits and pieces of it were understood and used at Vauvert.  By 1737, the manuscript was in the mother house of the order - La Grande Chartreuse - in the mountains not far from Grenoble. Here an exhaustive study of the manuscript was undertaken.  The monastery's apothecary, Frère Jerome Maubec, was in charge of the study which finally succeeded in unraveling the complexities of the recipe.

The distribution and sales of this new medicine were limited. One of the monks of La Grande Chartreuse, Frere Charles, would load his mule with small bottles and lead it to Grenoble and other villages in the area. Today, this "Elixir of Long Life" is still made only by Chartreuse monks following that ancient recipe, and is called Elixir Vegetal de la Grande-Chartreuse. This "liqueur of health" is all natural plants, herbs and other botanicals suspended in wine alcohol - 71 per cent alcohol by volume, 142 proof.

So tasty was this elixir that it was often used as a beverage rather than a medicine. Recognizing this, the monks, in 1764, adapted the elixir recipe to make a milder beverage which we know today as "Green Chartreuse" liqueur - 55 per cent alcohol, 110 proof. The success of this liqueur was immediate and its fame was no longer restricted to the area around La Grande Chartreuse.  The French Revolution erupted in 1789. Members of all religious orders were ordered out of the country. The Chartreuse monks fled in 1793 and, as a measure of prudence, made a copy of the precious manuscript. One monk was allowed to remain in the monastery and he was charged with preserving the copy. The original was given to the charge of another monk.

This monk, the one with the original manuscript, was arrested by the Revolutionary forces and sent to prison in Bordeaux. Fortunately, he was not searched and was able to secretly pass the original manuscript to some unknown savior who smuggled it back to the area of La Grande Chartreuse where he was able to get into the hands of a Chartreuse monk who was hiding near the monastery.  This monk had no idea of how to use the manuscript and, being certain that the Chartreuse Order had been effectively closed down forever by the Revolution, sold the manuscript to a Monsieur Liotard, a pharmacist in Grenoble.  Even this pharmacist could not understand the complex recipe and, in 1810, when the Emperor Napoleon ordered all secret recipes of medicines to be sent to the Ministry of the Interior, Monsieur Liotard duly followed the law and submitted the manuscript. It was returned to him marked "Refused".

When Monsieur Liotard died, his heirs returned the manuscript to the Chartreuse monks who had returned to their monastery in 1816.
In 1838, the Chartreuse distillers developed a sweeter and milder form of that original recipe. Since it was no longer a vivid green, this new liqueur was identified as, and is known today as, "Yellow Chartreuse" (40 percent alcohol by volume, 80 proof). In 1903, the French government nationalized the Chartreuse distillery. The monks were expelled and fled to Spain, taking with them the manuscript. They built a new distillery in Tarragona where they continued to produce the now world-famous liqueurs. They also built a distillery in Marseille which they operated between 1921 and 1929. Liqueurs from each of these two distilleries were identified as "Tarragone" Chartreuse.

Early in the years following the nationalization of the distillery and monastery, the French government sold the trademark "Chartreuse" to a group of liqueur distillers who formed a company - "Compagnie Fermiere de la Grande Chartreuse". The liqueur made by this company had no semblance of the liqueur made from the manuscript. Compagnie Fermiere de la Grande Chartreuse failed and went bankrupt in 1929. The company's stock became valueless and the shares were bought up by friends of the monks and were presented to the monks as a gift. Thus, the monks regained possession of the Chartreuse trademark. They returned to their distillery, which had been constructed in 1860 at Fourvoirie, not far from the monastery, and resumed production of the true Chartreuse liqueurs.

In 1935, an avalanche roared down the mountainside and destroyed the Fourvoirie distillery. A new distillery was built in Voiron where the railroad aided in the world-wide distribution of the liqueurs. While the distillery is in Voiron, the selection and mixing of the secret herbs, plants and other botanicals used in producing the liqueurs is done in the monastery by two monks.  Since 1970, a company named Chartreuse Diffusion has been responsible for the bottling, packaging and marketing of the liqueurs plus a few other products selected by the monks for their high quality.

Only two monks have been entrusted by the Order with the secret of producing the liqueurs. Only these two know the ingredients. Only these two know how these ingredients are prepared for incorporation into the base of wine alcohol. What little is known is that some 130 herbs, plants, roots, leaves, and other natural bits of vegetation are soaked in alcohol for an unknown length of time, then distilled and mixed with distilled honey and sugar syrup before being put into large oaken casks and placed into the world's longest liqueur cellar for maturation.
A small portion of the liqueur is selected for special treatment. This bit of liqueur is aged for an extra length of time and, after the chief distiller declares it ready for bottling, it is packaged and marketed as V.E.P. Chartreuse ("Viellissement Exceptionnellement Prolongé"). This special liqueur is packaged in 50 cl and 1 liter bottles which are reproductions of the bottles used in 1840, Each bottle of V.E.P. is individually numbered, is sealed with wax and is presented in its own carefilly-fitted wooden box.

A long and colorful history...
- The gift of the manuscript in 1605
- The Vegetal Elixir is finally made in 1737
- Green Chartreuse is formulated in 1764
- Yellow Chartreuse is first made in 1838
- A "White" Chartreuse liqueur is produced and sold between 1860 and 1900
- During the years after 1904, when the Chartreuse trademark belonged to Compagnie Fermiere de la Grande Chartreuse, the liqueur made by the monks was called "la Tarragone".
- The Green and the Yellow made in Marseille between 1921 and 1929 were also called "la Tarragone."
- V.E.P. is introduced in 1963
- A special bottling commemorating the 1968 Winter Olympic Games
- The 900th anniversary of the arrival of St. Bruno (1984) is celebrated by the bottling of a special blend marked "Liqueur du 9eme Centenaire"
- In the year 2000, "L'Episcopale du 3eme Millenaire" announced the arrival of Christianity's third millennium

All of these liqueurs are made only by monks and are based on that already-ancient manuscript given the monks in 1605. The sale of the liqueurs allows the Chartreuse monks the funds necessary to survive in this commercial world and gives to them the ability to dedicate their lives to prayer and meditation.

The enormous increases in population, expansion of cities, and the spreading of industrialization and technology during the nineteenth and first half of the twentieth century produced huge quantities of waste. Industrial wastes were blended with human wastes into one enormous waste stream; little of it was treated to reduce toxicity. By the 1950s American waters receiving sewage effluent had become so polluted that, in one celebrated case, a river in the Northeast caught on fire. In response, treatment plants to reduce environmental impacts began to appear.

The earliest treatment facilities, in what became known as primary treatment, simply strained out "floatables." Secondary treatment, a later innovation, speeded up the decomposition of wastes by oxygenating them and promoting bacterial growth. The water, cleaned of everything treatment facilities could clean it of, flowed back into ground waters and streams. Left behind was a dewatered, sticky, mudlike, black goo called sludge.8

By 1997 industry was dumping an estimated 240 million pounds of wastes with "hazardous components" alone into municipal treatment systems and American households were contributing a staggering 1.6 trillion gallons of waste-filled water to the treatment stream. And in spite of the expansions in waste treatment in the past five decades many pollutants (including significant amounts of excreted pharmaceuticals) remain in the water. Some two dozen major U.S. utilities release so much effluent to local waters that their discharges sometimes equal half the receiving streams' volume, basically only diluting discharged effluent 2:1. And much of the effluent, in spite of treatment, is still polluted.

In 1999, the Congressional Research Service commented that states report that municipal discharges are the second leading source of water quality impairment in all of the nation's waters (rivers and streams, lakes, and estuaries and coastal waters). Pollutants associated with municipal discharges include nutrients . . . , bacteria and other pathogens, as well as metals and toxic chemicals from industrial and commercial activities and households.9

Sludge contains varying amounts of any of the 70,000 different chemicals produced by industry each year as well as (according to the U.S. EPA) "volatiles, organic solids, nutrients, disease-causing pathogenic organisms (e.g., bacteria, viruses, etc.), heavy metals and inorganic ions, and toxic organic chemicals from industrial wastes, household chemicals, and pesticides."10

To get rid of sludge, coastal cities, the largest city-waste producers, initially dumped it in the ocean (often creating "dead zones" where nothing could live). Some inland cities put it in landfills or shipped it to the ocean for dumping. Still others incinerated it and put the resulting ash in landfills, spread it on the ground, shipped it via barge for ocean dumping, or sent it on huge container ships to Third World countries." When Congress outlawed the ocean dumping of sludge in 1988 cities were faced with a huge problem: What to do with the 11.6 billion pounds of sludge they were producing per year. Most of them began using it as fertilizer, plowing it back into the soil—an ironic return to Asian approaches but with a vastly more contaminated product.12

Among other things sludge contains significant amounts of pharmaceuticals. Most of this comes from pharmaceutical companies and hospitals who direct their waste streams into municipal treatment systems, households flushing unused pharmaceuticals down the drain, people excreting pharmaceuticals they are taking, and personal care products such as sunscreens and lotions that wash off during bathing. As well, large numbers of pharmaceutical chemicals enter the waste stream from illegal drug labs, expired drugs thrown into landfills (by both households and pharmaceutical manufacturers), hospital waste (incinerated and solid), and waste produced by pharmaceutical companies during the manufacture process.

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